• Spinal disc herniation

• Spinal stenosis

• Hydrocephalus

• Head trauma (brain hemorrhages, skull fractures, etc.)

• Spinal cord trauma

• Traumatic injuries of peripheral nerves

• Brain tumors

• Infections and infestations

• Tumors of the spine, spinal cord and peripheral nerves

• Cerebral aneurysms

• Stroke, including hemorrhagic stroke and ischemic stroke

• Intracerebral hemorrhage, such as subarachnoid hemorrhage, intraparenchymal, and intraventricular hemorrhages

• Some forms of pharmacologically resistant epilepsy

• Malformations of the nervous system

• Carotid artery stenosis

• Vascular malformations (i.e., arteriovenous malformations, venous angiomas, cavernous angiomas, capillary telangectasias) of the brain and spinal co

• Peripheral neuropathies such as Carpal Tunnel Syndrome and ulnar neuropathy

• Moyamoya disease

• Congenital malformations of the nervous system, including spina bifida and craniosynostosis ……….